Understanding The Cognitive Ability Test (CAT4) and doing something about it!

Both in the UK and across the globe, schools had adopted the CAT4 test which measures student's four main types of ability known to make a difference to learning and achievement. CAT4 provides an independent perspective on potential pupil achievement that can be used to identify and reveal a child's true hidden potential. But once you have done the assessment what do you do next? What do all the numbers mean and how can we analyse them at a deeper level to really gain a better understanding of our children? Moreover, how do we know if we need to do things differently in the classroom?

What does CAT4 do?

CAT4 provides a rounded profile of pupil ability so you can target support, provide the right level of challenge and attempt to make informed decisions about pupils’ progress and attainment target. It provides a details on the strengths and weaknesses across four main areas:

Verbal Reasoning – the ability to express ideas and reason through words is essential to subjects with a high language content, and the most obvious skill picked up by traditional assessment.

Non-verbal Reasoning – problem-solving using pictures and diagrams; skills which are important in a wide range of school subjects, including maths and science-based subjects.

Spatial Reasoning – the capacity to think and draw conclusions in three dimensions, needed for many STEM subjects, but not easily measured by other datasets.

Quantitative Reasoning – the ability to use numerical skills to solve problems, applicable well beyond mathematics.

Example

Name:

Ben

Verbal:

94

Non-Verbal:

110

Spatial:

108

Quantitative:

98

Mean Average:

103

As above, each child will receive a Standard Age Score (much like the SATS) to identify their current ability in the four areas - 100 being average.

​By comparing these areas you can begin to unpick who each child is and how you can adapt your teaching in the classroom. To make it easier, I have taken different CAT4 trends to identify different 'types' of children to look for and identified simple classroom strategies to pair with them.

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Verbal Deficit Children 

How is it calculated?

Compare the Verbal Score to the Non-Verbal Score. Look for a significantly lower Verbal score (10 or more).

Implications

​These children have a greater potential than they may show due to having a language understanding barrier. (Verbal deficit children are pupils who have a higher non-verbal than verbal – a significant difference of 10 would suggest intervention or support).

​For example, a child who has  a Verbal of 90 and a Non-Verbal of 110 has a Verbal deficit of 20 meaning they may struggle to communicate something they actual understand.  This child may have English as an Additional Language.

However, if a child has a Verbal score of 110 and a Non-Verbal of 130, the deficit is still 20 but it indicates something slightly different. This child has an above average Verbal score bit it still lags behind their cognitive reasoning. Simply, they may struggle to communicate just how gifted they are.

Adaptations

Both of these examples require language support but at very different levels. Below average Verbal attainers will require English Language support and development. Vocabulary sheets, picture to support understanding and practical activities will support this child in demonstrating their true potential.

The second child with a high Verbal but an even higher Non-Verbal has no issues with language understanding but their language level still lags behind their extremely high cognitive ability. Developing reasoning skills through justification and explanation will allow this child to verbalise what they understand. Questioning from the teacher will tease out their understanding and help scaffold their answers. The question matrix will assist with this.

Masked Children

How is it calculated?

These are opposite of Verbal Deficit children. Compare the Verbal Score to the Non-Verbal Score. But instead look for a significantly lower Non-Verbal score!

Implications

These have a high verbal score but a low non-verbal meaning that they can talk better than they can perhaps understand. There are a few politicians who fall into this category. In the classroom, however, Masked Children have the ability to cover up misconceptions as their Verbal ability skills disguise a lack of understanding. In other words, they may not understand but are good at pretending they do!

Adaptations

This is less about intervention and more about being aware of the children who have this imbalance. Like with all children, questioning will help you as a teacher to really get an idea of whether or not your masked children really understand what you are teaching. Asking them why, and getting them to explain their understanding will give you help in identifying where it is they have misconceptions.

Potential vs Performance

How is it calculated?

If you compare the total Quantitative and Verbal scores (Performance) with the total Non-Verbal and Spatial scores (Potential) you can see how far a child is away from meeting or exceeding their potential.

Implications

Verbal and Quantitative measure a child's direct language and number skills where as Non-Verbal and Spatial measure a child's more natural or potential ability. By comparing the two, you will gain a better understanding of how far or close a child is to their true potential. It may be their number skills or language skills which are preventing them from really showing just how bright they are.

Adaptations

This adaptation is more about ensuring you are setting high expectations for the children that have yet to match their potential. This doesn't necessarily mean that you give the same activity to these children as you would other high ability students. They may still have barriers to learning. As a teacher, however, it is really important to know that once those barriers have been removed, these children are more than capable of performing extremely highly!

Fuel and Fly Children

How is it calculated?

These children have a Verbal Score of 120 or above and a Non-Verbal of 120 or above.

Implications

​These children should be high achievers and need challenging and fuelling throughout lessons. They have a high verbal and non-verbal. These are the children who usually pick up new learning extremely quickly. They have the language and the cognitive ability to excel very quickly. They can usually justify, explain and reason because their Verbal matches their logical understanding of various concepts.

Adaptations

These children need challenge. As a teacher, the simple way of planning for these students is to ask yourself - 'If they can do this activity, what will they do next?' Mastery style activities are probably best for these students where the children have to problem solve, explain and justify. Developing their self and peer evaluation skills will also assist you in ensuring they are constantly being asked to identify how they can develop and improve. Providing Fuel and Fly children with leadership responsibilities will also assist them in teaching other children in the class.

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Maths Seesaw Children

How is it calculated?

​Compare a child's Quantitative score against their Spatial score. The ideal, is that a child is balanced. But some children will have an imbalance between their understanding of Number and Shape/Space.

Implications

​Low Quantitative and high Spatial suggests a child will learn better using concrete resources in order to grasp maths concepts. However, high Quantitative and low Spatial indicates a child will pick up abstract concepts easier (eg column addition) but will find it more challenging to apply this to concrete resources (eg base ten).

Adaptations

This feeds directly into teaching and learning. You can use a child's strength to develop their weakness. If a child prefers abstract mathematics (high Quantitative), teach them the abstract method and ask them to apply it using pictures and concrete materials such as counters.

​For Spatial bias learners, provide concrete resources to use to learn new mathematical methods before asking them to apply it to abstract approaches.

In Fractions, a Quantitative bias child will add fractions more confidently through calculation whilst a Spatial bias child will complete the task far more confidently by using pretend slices of pizza or shapes cut into fractions.

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Conclusion

CAT4 tests can be really useful in identifying potential or gaps in a child's understanding that you may not have discovered otherwise. The above types of children are just a few of the ways that you can analyse and unpick the CAT4 results. Non-verbal and Spatial combined can indicate how well a child will understand Scientific concepts such as Light and Sound while Quantitative and Non-Verbal may also indicate how easy a child will find interpreting data and graphs.

It is also useful to discuss the results with children and ask them if they feel they have preferences to different ways of learning. Do they agree or disagree with the results? Getting the children on board with the results can assist with differentiation, as the children can make their own choices on what they learn. Additionally, they can be made aware that CAT4 scores can improve and so they can practice developing weaker areas of their CAT4 scores! Trigger that Growth Mindset! No assessment should ever cap a child or tell them they can't achieve something!